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Wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan

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Indo-Pakistani wars
and conflicts

Since the Partition of India in August 1947, which resulted in the creation of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, there have been three major wars, one minor war and numerous armed skirmishes between the two countries. In each case, except the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, where the dispute concerned East Pakistan, the casus belli was the disputed region of Kashmir.

Contents

Origins of conflict

The Partition of India came about in the aftermath of World War II, when both Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilizaiton. [1]

It was the intention of those who wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" once independence came. [2] The partition itself, according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the All India Muslim League, and Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, should have resulted in peaceful relations. However, the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 did not divide the nations cleanly along religious lines. Nearly 50 percent of the Muslim population of British India remained in India.[3] Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims resulted in between 500,000 to 1 million casualties.[4]

Princely-ruled territories, such as Kashmir and Hyderabad, were also involved in Partition. Rulers of these territories had the choice of joining India or Pakistan. The ruler of Kashmir, which had a Muslim majority population, joined India by signing the Instrument of Accession and India acquired Hyderabad in accordance with the wishes of the people of Hyderabad. However, Pakistan laid its claim on Kashmir and thus it became the main point of conflict.[5]

The Wars in chronological order

  • Indo-Pakistan War of 1947: This was is also called the First Kashmir War. The war started in October 1947 when the Maharajah of the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu was pressured to accede to either of the newly independent states of Pakistan or India. Tribal forces prompted by Pakistan attacked and occupied the princely state, forcing the Maharajah to sign the "Agreement to the accession of the princely state to India". The United Nations was then invited by India to mediate the quarrel. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of the Kashmiris must be ascertained. The UN Security Council passed Resolution 47 on April 21, 1948. The war ended in December 1948 with the Line of Control dividing Kashmir into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas).
  • Indo-Pakistan War of 1965: This war started following of Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. India retaliated by launching an attack on Pakistan. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and was witness to the largest tank battle in military history since World War II. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration.
  • Indo-Pakistan War of 1971: The third war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir, but was rather precipitated by the crisis brewing in East Pakistan. Indira Gandhi went to the U.N. to complain about the thousands of Bangladeshi civilians pouring into India because of Pakistan Army's operations against sepratists in East Pakistan lead by Mukti Bahini, however the U.S. stood loyal to the Pakistan Army and supported the operation. After no choices were left India intervened to stop the influx of refugees in India. Pakistani forces were trapped in East Pakistan because of India's sudden intervention. With supplies becoming scarce the army surrendered on the eastern front after days of fighting. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. This war, saw the highest number of casualties in any of the India-Pakistan conflicts, as well as the largest number of Prisoners of War since the Second World War after the surrender of nearly 90,000 Pakistani police and civilians. It is believed that 1,000,000-3,000,000 Bangladeshis were killed as a result of this war.
  • Indo-Pakistani War of 1999: Also known as Kargil War is considered a minor war because fighting was limited to a single front in Kashmir; though it produced stirring emotions between the two nations involved, coming at a time of increased media and electronic coverage. This was the second and most recent ground war between any two nations after they had developed nuclear weapons, after the Sino-Soviet border conflict. Pakistani troops along with Kashmiri insurgents occupied Indian army posts across the Line of Control (LoC) and began shelling Indian positions. Eventually, the United States intervened and Pakistan was forced to withdraw its forces back across the LoC.

Other conflicts

Apart from the aforementioned wars, there have been skirmishes between the two nations from time to time. Some have bordered on all-out war, while others were limited in scope. The countries were expected to fight each other in 1955 after warlike posturing on both sides, but full-scale war did not break out. In 1984 there was a flashpoint as both nations attempted to control the Siachen Glacier. Further clashes erupted in the glacial area in 1985, 1987 and 1995 as both countries sought without success to oust each other from their stronghold.

Between November 1986 and March 1987, India conducted Operation Brasstacks. This military exercise - the largest of its kind in South Asia - was feared to lead to another war between the two neighbours. Tensions were high again in 1990 after militancy in Indian-administered Kashmir greatly increased. A terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001, blamed by India on the Pakistan-based terrorist organizations Lashkar-e-Toiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed, prompted the 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoff and brought both sides close to war.

Until the ceasefire the LOC was also spectator to daily artillery exchange between Indian and Pakistani armies.

Between 26 November 2008 and 29 November 2008 there were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks across Mumbai, India's financial capital and largest city. Mohammad Ajmal Amir, the lone terrorist who was captured alive, disclosed that the attackers were members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Pakistan-based militant organization (although it is officially banned in Pakistan), considered a terrorist organization by India, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Pakistan. The Indian Government investigated the Mumbai attack and it has been assisted by American CIA and FBI, British Intelligence and Israel's intelligence Mossad. The attacks drew widespread condemnation across the world. This incident drew huge uproar and sentiments in India. India has subsequently shared the evidence, gathered during it extensive investigations, with several countries including Pakistan while requesting Pakistan to help.[6].

References

  1. ^ Khan, Yasmin. The great Partition: the making of India and Pakistan. 2007, Yale University Press. ISBN 0300120788, 9780300120783. Page 12
  2. ^ Ambedkar, Bhimrao Ramji. Pakistan, or Partition of India, Second Edition. 1946, Thacker, page 5
  3. ^ Dixit, Jyotindra Nath. India-Pakistan in War & Peace. 2002, Routledge. ISBN 0415304725, 9780415304726. page 13
  4. ^ Khan 2007: 6
  5. ^ Khan 2007: 8
  6. ^ http://newsx.com/story/40472

See also

Dramatization

These wars have provided source material for both Indian and Pakistani film and television dramatists, who have adapted events of the war for the purposes of drama and to please target audiences in their nations.

Films
Dramas
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