Voiceless postalveolar affricate
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| IPA – number | 103 (134) |
| IPA – text | t͡ʃ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ʧ |
| X-SAMPA | tS |
| Kirshenbaum | tS |
 [[:Media:|Sound sample]] (help·[[:Image:|info]]) |
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The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive (k, as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Transcription
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: tʃ. They may be joined with a tiebar (t͡ʃ), and the t may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic (t̠ʃ). Formerly a ligature (ʧ) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:
- c
- č
- ch
- cs
- cz
- tc (older Americanist transcription)
- tš
- tx
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | çelur | [t͡ʃɛluɾ] | 'open' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | [t͡ʃɑmʁul] | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ | [ant͡ʃi] | 'you' f. sg. | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة | [ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ] | 'library' | corresponds to [k] in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Jordanian | كتاب | [t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb] | 'book' | ||
| Iraqi | |||||
| Azeri | Əkinçi | [ækint͡ʃi] | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Basque | txalupa | [t͡ʃalupa] | 'boat' | ||
| Catalan | atxa | [at͡ʃa] | 'big candle' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Czech | morče | [mo̞rt͡ʃɛ] | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ | [t͡ʃoh] | 'touch' | |
| Croatian | učitelj | [ut͡ʃiteʎ] | 'teacher' | ||
| English | bleach | [bliːt͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ĉar | [t͡ʃar] | 'because' | ||
| Faroese | tjørn | [t͡ʃɶtn] | 'lake' | ||
| Georgian[2] | ჩიხი | [t͡ʃixi] | 'impasse' | ||
| Hebrew | צ'כיה | [t͡ʃɛxja] | 'Czech Republic' | See Hebrew phonology | |
| Italian[3] | ciao | [t͡ʃao] | 'ciao' | See Italian phonology | |
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | [ɟymølt͡ʃleː] | 'juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| K'iche' | K'iche' | [kʼit͡ʃeʔ] | K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Maltese | bliċ | [blit͡ʃ] | 'bleach' | ||
| Norwegian | kjøkken | [t͡ʃøkːen] | 'kitchen' | Only in some dialects, see Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[4] | [t͡ʃaɾo] | 'needle' | |||
| Persian | چوب | [t͡ʃuːb] | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[5] | presidente | [pɾeziˈdẽt͡ʃi] | 'president' | Allophone of /t/. See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | cer | [t͡ʃe̞r] | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[6] | joni | [ˈt͡ʃɔni] | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | [slaːnt͡ʃə] | 'health' | ||
| Serbian | Чоколада/čokoláda | [t͡ʃɔkɔˈlaːda] | 'chocolate' | ||
| Slovak | kľúč | [klʲuːt͡ʃ] | 'key' | ||
| Spanish[7] | chafar | [t͡ʃaˈfaɾ] | 'to flatten' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | [ʄit͡ʃo] | 'eye' | ||
| Turkish | uçak | [ut͡ʃak] | 'airplane' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | [t͡ʃəbʒəja] | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | чотири | [t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ] | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[8] | chane | [t͡ʃanɘ] | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate /t͡ɕ/; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use /t͡ʃ/.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Watson (2002:17)
- ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ^ Blevins (1994:492)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
[edit] Bibliography
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227-232
- Blevin, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 33(2): 491-516
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005). Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.). Blackwell.ʈ
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255-259
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107-114
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117-121
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255-264
- Watson, Janet (2002). The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic. New York: Oxford University Press.
[edit] See also
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