Tolui

Tolui
	Tolui
Khan
	Tolui Khan with his wife Sorghaghtani. Rashid al-Din, early 14th century.
Reign	1227 - 1229
Born	1193
Birthplace	Mongolia
Died	1232
Place of death	North China
Buried	Burkhan Khaldun
Predecessor	Genghis Khan
	Mongke Khan
Successor	Ogedei as Emperor of the Mongols; Sorghaghtani as Head of the Toluid appanages
Consort	Sorghaghtani Beki
Royal House	Borjigin
Father	Genghis Khan
Mother	Borte Ujin

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"Beki" redirects here. For the musician, see Beki Bondage.

Tolui, also rendered Toluy, Tului or Tolui Khan (Mongolian: Толуй хаан; Chinese: 拖雷; pinyin: Tuōléi; 1193 – 1232), was the youngest son of Genghis Khan by Börte. His ulus, or territorial inheritance, at his father's death in 1227 was the homelands in Mongolia, and it was he who served as civil administrator in the time it took to confirm Ögedei as second Khagan of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368). Before that, he had served with distinction in the campaigns against the Jin Dynasty, the Xi Xia and the Khwarezmid Empire, where he was instrumental in the capture and massacre at Merv and Nishapur.

[edit] Early years

During the rise of Genghis Khan, Tolui was too small to involve in the battles. Tolui was almost killed by a Tatar when he was about five. He was saved by his sister Altani and 2 companions of Genghis.^[1] In 1203, His father bestowed on Tolui as wife Sorghaghtani, the niece of Ong Khan. Their first son Mongke was born in 1209. He was the best warrior among the sons of Genghis. He first entered combat against the Jin Dynasty in 1213, scaling the walls of Dexing with his brother-in-law Chiqu.

In 1221, Genghis Khan dispatched him to Khorasan in Iran. The cities in this area had revolted several times. The defenders of Nishapur killed Toquchar, the brother-in-law of Tolui in November 1220. Tolui's army evacuated Nishapur onto the plains. He ordered total massacres of Nishapur and Merv.^[2]

[edit] Genghis Khan's succession

When Genghis Khan was deciding who should succeed him he had trouble choosing between his 4 sons. Tolui had amazing military skills and was very successful as a general, but Genghis Khan chose Ögodei because Ögodei was more capable politically. Genghis Khan felt that Tolui would be too cautious to be an effective leader. Tolui was with Genghis on his campaign against the Xi Xia in 1227.

After Genghis Khan's death, Tolui generally supervised the Mongol Empire for 2 years. The Mongol nobles' moves were partly influenced by the tradition that the youngest son inherits his father's properties and partly because Tolui had the largest and most powerful army in central Mongolia at the time. Tolui supported the election of the Khagan and Ögodei was chosen as the Emperor, fulfilling his father's wishes.

Tolui campaigned with Ogedei and Mongke in North China, serving as both strategist and field commander in 1231-32. After most of the Jin's defences breached, they returned north.^[3]

[edit] Death and legacy

According to the Secret History of the Mongols, Tolui sacrificed himself in order to cure Ögödei from a very severe illness during a campaign in China. The shamans had determined that the root of Ögödei's illness were China's spirits of the earth and the water, who were upset that their subjects had been driven away and their land devastated. Offering land, animals and people had only lead to an aggravation of Ögödei's illness, but when they offered to sacrifice a family member, Ögödei got better immediately. Tolui volunteered and died directly after consuming a cursed drink. However, Ata Malik Juvaini says he died from alcoholism.^[4]

Perhaps more important than him was the role his family, the Toluids, had in shaping the destinies of the Mongol Empire. Through his Christian wife Sorghaghtani Beki, Tolui fathered Möngke, Kublai, Ariq Boke, and Hulagu, and thus was the progenitor the Great Khans, Emperors of the Yuan Dynasty, and of the Il Khans. During the civil war of the Mongol Empire, the Toluids supported the court of the Great Khan.However, it was a rivalry from among Tolui's own sons, Kublai and Ariq Boke, that fragmented the power of the empire and set the western khanates against each other in the early 1260s.

Rivalry between the Toluids and the sons of Ögedei and Jochi caused stagnation and infighting during the regency periods after the deaths of Ögedei and his son Güyük. Mongke retroactively awarded his father the title of Khagan in 1252.^[5] When Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, he had his father Tolui placed on the official record as Ruizong.

[edit] Family

Tolui had many concubines and wifes. But the chief one was Sorghaghtani who was the mother of Tolui's 5 sons.

Tolui's sons included:

Mongke Khan, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
Jurikha
Qutughtu
Kublai, the Great Khan of the Mongols and the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
Hulegu, the first Ilkhan of Mongol Persia.
Arik Boke, Khagan claimant who was supported by the Mongols against Kublai.
Bujek, the commander who led armies into Russia and Hungary.
Mukha
Satukhtai
Sabukhtai

[edit] Ancestry

Yesugei Baghatur

Hoelun

Belgutei

Bekhter

Jöchi Khasar

Khajiun

Temüge

Temüjin (Genghis Khan)

Tolui

[edit] References

^ The secret history of the Mongols
^ William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar - The Cambridge History of Iran, p.313
^ Frederick W. Mote-Imperial China 900-1800, p.447
^ Paul Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves-The secret history of the Mongols, p.xxvi
^ Jack Weatherford-Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world, p.169

[edit] See also

Regnal titles
Tolui House of Borjigin (Боржигин) (1206-1634) Born: 1190 Died: 1232
Preceded by Genghis Khan	Regent of the Mongol Empire 1227-1229	Succeeded by Ogedei Khan
Preceded by Genghis Khan	Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty (posthumously promoted by Kublai Khan) 1227-1229	Succeeded by Ogedei Khan

[0] The secret history of the Mongols

[1] William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar - The Cambridge History of Iran, p.313

[2] Frederick W. Mote-Imperial China 900-1800, p.447

[3] Paul Kahn, Francis Woodman Cleaves-The secret history of the Mongols, p.xxvi

[4] Jack Weatherford-Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world, p.169

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Tolui

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] Early years

[edit] Genghis Khan's succession

[edit] Death and legacy

[edit] Family

[edit] Ancestry

[edit] References

[edit] See also

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v • d • e Khagans of the Mongol Empire (1206-1370)
Genghis Khan (1206–1227) · Tolui Khan (regent) (1227–1229) · Ögedei Khan (1229–1241) · Töregene Khatun (regent) (1241–1245) · Güyük Khan (1246–1248) · Oghul Qaimish (regent) (1248-1251) · Möngke Khan (1251–1259) · Kublai Khan (1260–1294)
The Kublaid Great Khans
Oljei Temur Khagan (1294-1307) · Khayisan Khulug (1308-1311) · Buyantu Ayurbarwada (1311-1320) · Gegeen Khagan Shidebala(1321-1323) · Yesün Temür Khagan (1323-1328) · Ragibagh Khan (1328) · Jayaatu Khagan Tugh-Temur (1328;1329-1332) · Khutughtu Khagan Quselan (1329) · Rinchinbal (1332) · Ukhaantu Khan Toghan-Temur (1333-1370)