Spanish settlement in the Philippines
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Spanish settlement in the Philippines first took place in the 16th century, during the Spanish colonial period of the islands. The conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi founded the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565, and later established Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571. The Philippine Islands is named after King Philip II of Spain, and it became a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain which were governed from Mexico City until the 19th century, when Mexico obtained independence. From 1821, the Philippine Islands were ruled directly from Madrid, Spain.
Spaniards are referred by Filipinos as "Kastila" (Castilian) named after the former Kingdom of Castile, now a region of Spain. The majority of the Filipinos of Spanish descent are of Andalusian origin, while a minority are Catalan or Basque descents. Another term "Hispano Filipinos" (Spanish Filipinos) indicates they are of both ethnic, and cultural Spanish origin.
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[edit] Ancestry
[edit] Filipino mestizos of Spanish ancestry
The Spanish conquest of 1565, prompted the colonization of the Philippine Islands that lasted for about 333 years. The Philippines was a former territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the grant of independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct government from Spain of the Philippines from that year. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials, religious missionaries, and among others, who were born in Spain, and Mexico called Peninsulares (Spanish migrants living in the colony) or Criollo (Spaniards of pure blood), who settled in the islands with their families to governed the colony, and the majority of the indigenous population. Some of these individuals married or inter-bred with the indigenous Filipino (Austronesian/Malay/Malayo-Polynesian) population while most married only Spaniards of pure Spanish descent. Their suceeding generation called Insulares (Spaniards or Hispanics born from the islands), became town local officers, and were granted with haciendas (plantation estates) by the Spanish government. In some provinces like, Iloilo, Cebu, Pampanga, and Zamboanga, The Spanish government encouraged foreign merchants to trade with the indigenous population, but they were not given certain privileges such as ownership of land. From this contact, social intercourse between foreign merchants, and indigenous people resulted in a new ethnic group. These group were called Mestizos (mixed-race individuals), who were born from intermarriages of the Spaniards and merchants with the indigenous Filipino (Austronesian/Malay/Malayo-Polynesian) natives. Some of their descendants, emerged later as an influential part of the ruling class, such as the Principalía (Nobility).
Mexicans of European or mestizo heritage known as Américanos (Americans) also arrived in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. Between 1565, and 1815, Hispanics from Mexico, and Spain sailed to, and from the Philippines as government officials, soldiers, priests, settlers, traders, sailors, and adventurers in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon assisting Spain in its trade between Latin America, and the Philippine Islands. They also brought with them Amerindians, Negros, and Mulattos, as crews, servants, prisoners, and slaves. Some of these individuals married native Filipinos of different ethnic groups, and classes, and have integrated into Philippine society.
The official percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown. However only those Filipinos who possess a clear mixed-race appearance are considered by most as actual mestizos. Some offspring of Spanish men, and indigenous Filipino women may have adopted the culture of their fathers, and grand parents, however only a few mixed race families in the Philippines still speak Spanish among themselves.[1] The Philippine Statistics Department does not account for the racial background or ancestry of an indivdual. The official population of all types of Filipino mestizos that reside inside, and outside of the Philippines remain unknown.
[edit] Migration of Filipino-Spanish mestizos
A minority of Filipinos of Spanish descent have migrated to Spain, Latin America, Australia, or the United States, after the Spanish American War, and World War II.
Spanish Filipinos for the most part are found in both the upper, and upper middle socio-economic classes, with a relatively small percentage found among the lower socio-economic classes. Some are active in politics, commerce, entertainment industry, and professional sports.
[edit] Language and culture
Some Filipinos of Spanish descent speak their respective regional languages. They also use English in the public sphere, as well as Filipino, other Philippine languages, or Spanish.
Some Spanish Filipinos can still speak Spanish but not as their first language. Though a minority of the Filipinos speaks Spanish; most Filipinos of Spanish families particularly those of older generations, and recent immigrants, have preserved Spanish as a spoken language. In addition, Chavacano (a criollo language based largely on Spanish vocabulary) is spoken in the southern Philippines, and forms one of the majority languages of Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, Basilan and is mostly concentrated in Zamboanga City. It is also spoken in some parts of the northern Philippines.
[edit] Notable Filipinos of Spanish ancestry
- Jon Ramón Aboitiz (Businessman)
- Paulino Alcántara (Football/soccer and former FC Barcelona and Spain national football team player and coach)
- Andrés Bonifacio (Philippine national hero)
- José Burgos (Philippine national hero)
- Felipe Calderón y Roca (Politician)
- Pilita Corrales (Singer)
- Carlos Loyzaga (Basketball player)
- Maloy Lozanes (Record artist)
- Luis Antonio Mañeru y Alves (Author and businessman)
- Marian Rivera (Actress)
- Fernando Poe, Sr. (Actor)
- Fernando Poe, Jr. (Actor)
- Manuel L. Quezon (former President of the Philippines)
- Fernando Zobel (Businessman)
- Fernando Zóbel (Visual artist and businessman)
- Zobel de Ayala family (Business family)
- German Moreno (Actor)
- Ruffa Gutierrez (Actress)
[edit] Notable Spaniards with Filipino ancestry
- Enrique Iglesias (Singer)
- Julio Iglesias Jr. (Singer)
- Shaila Dúrcal (Singer)
- Antonio Morales Barreto (Singer)
[edit] See also
- Ethnic groups of the Philippines
- Filipino Mestizo
- Filipino Spaniards
- Mexican settlement in the Philippines
[edit] References
- ^ "Race Mixing and Westernization in Latin America and the Philippines". Analitica.com Venezuela. http://www.analitica.com/Bitblio/emily_monroy/race_mixing.asp. Retrieved on 2002-08-23.
[edit] External links
- Examination of ancestry and ethnic affiation using high information
- Spanish mestizos in the Philippines
- Color Q World: Asian-Latino Intermarriage in the Americas
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