Samba school

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Samba School (In Portuguese "Escola de samba") is a type of popular club, which is characterized by singing and dancing the samba, often with competitive interests. As a type of association from the city of Rio de Janeiro, the samba schools are presented in public spectacles, in the form of a procession, which represents a plot, the sound of a samba-plot, accompanied by a battery, its components - that may be hundreds or even thousands - wear costumes depicting the theme, and that most of these parades on foot and a minority parades on "cars", where sculptures are made of Papier-mâché, and other props. ^[1]

The samba schools are the best known from the great Rio de Janeiro, which Sambadrome parade in Rio. These schools, held a magnificent spectacle considered, which attracts tourists from around the world. However, the samba schools in nearly all Brazilian states and in many countries around the world. ^{[2] [3]} are considered a major, if not the main window of the Brazilian carnival ^[4], and currently are being increasingly something scenic, with some components running drama theater, and choreography ^[5].

A significant majority of the samba schools, mainly in Rio de Janeiro, has in its name the words "Grêmio Recreativo e Escola de Samba" (Fraternity Recreative and Samba School, represented by the acronym GRES) before their name itself. In São Paulo is also common to its derivation "Grêmio Recreativo Cultural e Escola de Samba" (Fraternity Recreative Cultural and Samba School). There are exceptions, such as the Sociedade Rosas de Ouro (Society Golden Rose) and the traditional "Agremiação Recreativa Cultural e Escola de Samba Vizinha Faladeira ("Grêmio" and "agremiação" in Portuguese are synonyms) . ^[6] The standardization in the classifications of entities emerged in 1935 when the Rio carnival associations were required to take a charter to "Delegacia de Costumes e Diversões" (Police Station of Customs and entertainment) to be able to parade. The delegate owner, Dulcídio Gonçalves, decided to give an appearance of the largest organization of parades of samba schools, refused to grant the permit for associations with names as freak, why the GRES Portela had to change to the current name, instead of previous Vai Como Pode (How You Can)^[7].

Unlike the Rose Parade, which was taken for the most part by professionals of high budget, the parade of the samba school is almost an entire work community. Beyond a musical group, the schools are in fact the neighborhood associations that cover a variety of community needs (such as educational resources and medical care).

Contents 1 History 2 Characterization 3 Parade 3.1 Concentration 3.2 questions 3.2.1 Commission of Front 3.2.2 allegories and props 3.2.3 Progress, Harmony and Joint 3.2.4 Plot-theme 3.2.5 Samba-plot 3.2.6 Master Room and Porta-Bandeira 3.2.7 Battery 3.3 Other elements 3.3.1 Director of Battery 3.3.2 Queen of battery and related 3.3.3 Ala das Baianas 3.3.4 Old-guard 3.3.5 Singer /Performer / puller 3.3.6 Carnavalesco 3.3.7 Dirigentes 4 Apuração 5 Parade of Champions 6 See also 7 External links

[edit] History

The appearance of the schools of samba is linked to the history of carnival in Rio itself, as well as the creation of the modern samba. Were Sambistas of Estácio, with the founding of Deixa Falar (Let Speaking) in 1928, who organized the foundations of current schools of samba, including Ismael Silva, in his idea of creating a carnavival block different, he could dance and move to the sound of samba ^[8].

Date of 1929 the first competition of sambas, held at the house of Zé Espinguela, where he won the set [[GRES Portela|Conjunto Oswaldo Cruz, and which also involved the Mangueira and Deixa Falar. Some consider this as the framework of the creation of schools of samba ^[9].

However, between 1930 and 1932, these were only considered a variation of the blocks, until in 1932 the Official Mundo Sportivo, ownership of journalist Mário Filho, has decided to sponsor the first Parade of Samba Schools in the Praça Onze (Square Eleven) [10] . In writing of the newspaper - which also housed a successful composers (such as Antônio Nassar, Armando Reis and Orestes Barbosa), the idea of holding the organization of a Carnival parade. The newspaper, inaugurated in the year by Mário Filho, brother of journalist Nélson Rodrigues, with the end of the soccer championship, and no subject was lost readers, for this reason, the journalist Carlos Pimentel, very connected to the world of samba, was idea of holding a parade in the square Eleven of samba schools at the time still spellings in quotes ^[10].

At the invitation of the Sports World, 19 schools attended. The newspaper established criteria for the trial of the participating schools ^[11]. The traditional "ala das Baianas" was prerequisite to compete, and the schools, all with more than one hundred components, should present sambas unpublished and not use wind instrument, among other requirements ^[12].

The winning school was the Mangueira, while the second group had the Conjunto Osvaldo Cruz, atually called Portela. The official assured the success of the contest remained up in the Square Eleven in 1941. ^[13] Over time, the samba schools took many elements brought by ranches, such as the plot, the pair of master-room door-flag and the committee in front, elements of which Ismael Silva, to idealize the Deixa Falar, was contrary.

But Deixa Falar of the contributions - which never came as the parade of samba school really - were fundamental to determine the main characteristics of the schools today. Among them are: the musical genre (modern samba), the parade procession capable of samba, the set of percussion without the use of breath ^[14] and "ala das baianas"^[6].

With the rise of nationalist Getúlio Vargas, and the foundation of the General Union of Schools of Samba in 1934 - that the marginalization of samba persisted for some time - the samba schools began to expand and gain importance in the Rio carnival, supplanting the ranches and companies carnival in preference to the public, until they came to extinguish. It did not take long for the samba schools also expand to other states, with the foundation in 1935 the Primeira São Paulo (First of São Paulo) ^[15], the first school of samba de São Paulo. The official competitions of the samba schools in São Paulo only started in 1950 with the victory of Lavapés, but before that there is another sub-field tournaments in municipal and state. ^[16] In the early'60s, with the decay of cords carnival in São Paulo, some of these groups, like the Vai-Vai (Go-Go) and the Camisa Verde e Branco (Green and White Jersey) also become schools of samba.

In 1952, was created for the first time in Rio de Janeiro, the group of access, due to the large number of schools for the parade. That year, the parade of the group of access (Group 2, current Group RJ-1) was performed and had his trial, but the parade of the main group (Group 1, currently the Special Group) carried out under heavy rain, the trial was canceled, reason this has not been lower, rising only the first placed in Group 2 ^[17].

In 1953 from the merger of UGESB with FBES, is the Association of Schools of Samba City in Rio de Janeiro^[18], which organize the parade by the creation of LIESA, alloy formed by samba schools from the primary division, now be called the Special Group. In 2008, was created for the carnival the following year, the LESGA, with schools in the second group to also have their own league. LIESA inspired the creation of similar bodies in other cities, such as LIGA-SP.

In 1984, in Rio de Janeiro, during the government of Leonel Brizola, was the Sambadrome, a space for the final presentation of the samba schools, work very criticized by the Globo Organizations. The newly created network Manchete and transmits the parade reaches the audience in the first place [19]. Years later, in São Paulo, the mayor Luiza Erundina did the same, creating the Anhembi Sambadrome.

Today, many other cities throughout the country also have their sambódromo, including Manaus, for example, that in 1993 the parade had passed by the Network for Manchete throughout the country, live [19].

[edit] Characterization

Since associations of nature almost always local, largely from poor communities or the suburbs, the samba schools usually represented in a fashion district, sub-district or set of districts, a parade which usually has local character, where all or at least the main schools of the city gather to compete among themselves for the best of the year. In this show, are evaluated by a committee of judges chosen in advance by their leaders or by the representative. [20] [21] [22]

The committee considers each of the questions, giving notes to each, with each juror believes only one question, now, the envelopes with the notes are in a sealed envelope after the parade, and calls for secrecy on the assessment until the day determination of when the board members and key, beyond twisted, attend to a predetermined location to be found the notes, as well known champion of the year. On the day of determination, the final assessment of the panel can be changed from the application of certain penalties, which all are subject, by breaks certain rules, such as the requirement to display a given time, the display of a minimum of components and prohibition of any of them provide fully naked [23].

While the parades of the samba schools have local characteristics, some entities often share the parade is the city where its headquarters at parade neighboring municipalities. The school of samba in Brasil de Santos has been champion of the carnival capital of Sao Paulo, while in Rio de Janeiro, GRES Acadêmicos do Grande Rio, GRES Unidos do Porto da Pedra, Ponte, GRES Beija-Flor are GREs Unidos do Viradouro are samba shcools of cities in the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro that parade in the capital, and the latter two have won the championship.

This phenomenon is repeated in the Vitoria with the MUG, in Porto Alegre with the Vila Isabel de Viamão, in Curitiba with the Unidos dos Pinhais, in Belém do Pará, with the Caprichosos da Cidade Nova and Macapá, with the Império do Povo. Cities of the Baixada Santista (Santos, Guarujá, São Vicente, Praia Grande and Cubatão) is common to see schools change the parade, and to the several cities organize a single event (Regional Carnival). Historically it is also common the participation of the samba schools of Niterói in São Gonçalo and contrariwise.

[edit] Parade

    Main article: Parade of the samba schools of Rio de Janeiro

In major cities, the parade of the samba school currently takes about an hour, with some variations according to the rules imposed by the organization of the carnival in the city, where schools generally have less time in groups of children parade [24 ] [25] [26]. Special Group in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the parade has a maximum time of one hour and twenty minutes [27], while in São Paulo is the maximum of 1 hour and five minutes [28]. Along the track, are scattered with stop watches to mark the space of time between the exit of the first component of the merger and the arrival of the last component to the dispersion, when it finally closed the gate and the show is officially closed.

[edit] Concentration

Also called the heats, is the time before the parade started, where all components are deployed, waiting their turn to enter the parade on the track. While the school is closing its parade before the end of the runway, another microphone is switched on at the beginning of it, so that the leaders of the school will parade to pass a message to your community, wishing luck and dedication to constituents asking, among other messages the type. Sambas old and best known are sung and the battery begins to play a kind of heating [29] [6].

After the end of a parade, the narrator announces the school next to their plot, and the sound of the microphone, but restricted to only a part of sambódromo, is released so that everyone can hear in the bleachers. Then is sung the allusive and then given the cry of war, after which the parade itself begins, and the timer starts to run. The time of concentration usually last on average about ten minutes. [29] [6]

The songs are depicting the handles of samba-sing during the plot heats up. The allusive itself is a recitation of one or two sentences that paraphrase the actual plot of the school that year, but are also called by the name of the samba-school anthem, the samba-samba of exaltation or the court [30].

Examples of sambas sung often, year after year, the concentrations are the Green and White Jersey [31] of the United Perucho [32], the hawks of the Faithful [33], the Nene de Vila Matilde [34], the Estação Primeira de Mangueira [35] and Estácio [36].

Already the cries of war are typical expressions of each handle to announce the start of the parade and call each of the members of the samba school to sing with the greatest determination possible. In general, the performers have their personal battle cry, which lead from each time you move to college, or who will defend a round in a samba school than their [37].

However, cries of war and not related to the school to handle, such as the X-9 Paulistana, "Sing X, X sings, sings X-9." Or the "Look for Beija-Flor people there", connected to the Beija-Flor, but created and run by Neguinho of Beija-Flor, which has always followed the school.

[edit] questions

Several elements are part of the characterization of a parade of the samba school, and some questions to which the jury should assign notes [38]. Others, like the wing of Bahia, however, are not considered as items, but can cause loss of points for the body anyway, if not shown.

[edit] Commission of Front

It is the forefront of school, the first group of parade participants, which is a mandatory condition. It consists of about ten to fifteen people who perform a choreography by introducing the plot. Apart from the front of the committee, there is no other rule regarding the order of the elements during the parade of samba schools.

The committees have the front part, with that name, corporate carnival, and, subsequently, incorporated into ranches and cords carnival. Functioning as a sort of master of ceremonies of the show by welcoming the public and presenting the school, the commission on the front of the samba schools have undergone many changes over time. In its early years, were formed by a group of men, the general directors of the college, which came in front of the school wearing their best clothes and welcome the public. Is that sometimes carry sticks to hands, whose prime objective was to defend his group of rivals [6] [39].

The Portela samba school in the commission made more refined, where its components parade with elegant clothes, even occasionally with tails and top hat, a model which soon came to be copied by other schools. That was the policy of its most illustrious member, Paulo da Portela, which meant that Sambistas should always go well dressed, in order to dispel the negative image that was taken on them by the higher classes, as blocks and cords, predecessors of the schools, they had a reputation of being supporters of street fights and street riot. [40] [41]

The Vizinha Faladeira in 30 years, tried to innovate, bringing the commission into limousine and mounted on horseback, as in large companies. This fact at first was very criticized by the judges including the only year in which the school won the Santo Cristo, because it alleged that despite having adhering to the rules, that such resources were unrelated to what a school of samba should display . [42] In 1938 the committee moved forward an item to be regulated. With the arrival of visual artists in schools, many have changed their form since the committees were very similar among themselves. Because of this, has been replaced by the formal dress costumes, linked to the plot, showing marked steps, tested by professional dancers. At the end of the 90s, there is already a massive presence of circus artists, theater groups, use of special maquilagens with many visual effects and the use of tripods. [1] [6]

At the end of the 70s, with the release of customs, committees are formed by half naked women, which in March were the main sculptural mulata the carnival of 1979 the Imperatriz Leopoldinense. A model which is just copying, but the trend was to show committees increasingly rich attire, with movements Choreographic increasingly prepared. That does not mean that the traditional committees have disappeared from the front: the Portela, for example, maintained the tradition of using the old guard to the 90s and some schools even bring one or other such committee, as was the case of Roses Gold in 2003. [43] To date, the regulation does not require major parades in front of the committees to submit within the plot. [44]

[edit] allegories and props

The question comes to cars with allegory axis of iron, filled with sculptures of wood, plastic, Styrofoam, among other materials, decorated to represent the elements of the plot [45] [44]. Special Group in Rio, currently, the floats may not exceed eight meters and fifty centimeters wide and nine meters and eighty centimeters tall. Several people usually on top of parade floats, and those who occupy the highest places called highlights [44].

The first float of the parade is called the car opens the wings, and its front usually see the name of the school, so stylized. Some schools, such as Portela for example, always bring-in opens its wings symbol (in the case of college, the eagle), regardless of plot. [1] The greatest cars arrive to reach up to 13 meters high and 60 meters length, which sometimes affect their entry into the place of parade. These cars are usually driven by people who are below or behind the allegory. No car can be moved to animal traction, and during the 90s, it was to prevent the motor, due to the risk of fire [46].

[edit] Progress, Harmony and Joint

Evolution is a question which is judged the speed and how the components of the samba school parade: they are lively dancing, spinning, moving, and if so are compact, close to each other, so that anyone looking from above has the impression that the school is a single body, a continuous row. There is no requirement that the components samba, but they must move. [44] It is usually penalize schools that suffer dramatic changes in its speed parade, parade sometimes very quickly, sometimes slowly.

In line item is evaluated the interaction between the corner and the official interpreter of the components. Schools where the participants do not sing the samba, or sing badly, receiving lower this question [6].

But the whole question was absent for many years, being brought back to the Rio parades from 2000. [47] is actually an overview of the whole school, in uniform, where a group of judges evaluates all by high the interaction between the various items. [44] In 2006, AESCRJ approved the merger of the items Evolution, Harmony and set a new item: "Set Harmonic." [48]

[edit] Plot-theme

As a feature of the parades, the plot, usually chosen at the beginning of the year, right after the carnival, the carnival is valid for the following year. Meanwhile, from the main theme of the carnival should all write a synopsis, which guide the manufacture of costumes, floats and samba-composition of the plot. In this question, evaluators must judge whether the school and explained the plot during the parade, from those other questions. [49] [44]

[edit] Samba-plot

You should assess whether the samba, and from the plot and has a good melody and lyrics of the interesting features, musically rich, and without bias or errors of language of agreement. Sambas that have this feature tend to be penalized, receiving less [44] [50]. The samba of each school is chosen after a domestic dispute at the school, where Sambistas or groups create their sambas, based on previously defined plot. After sign up, compete, and over several weekends, some are being eliminated, until only about a samba. In Rio de Janeiro, the compositions to eliminate internal usually recorded in August. In October it recorded a CD of the Special Group, with sambas in each school in the voice of the official interpreter [51] [52]

Until 2007, the Special Group of Sao Paulo, the samba-item plot was tried twice, and divided into lyrics and melody of music, each taking notes of the same weight as the other [53].

[edit] Master Room and Porta-Bandeira

The master room and ensign are a couple that runs a special dance with grace and submit the flag of the school. Their costumes are similar to the gala costumes typical of the eighteenth century, but "carnavalized", ie with an exaggerated amount of colors and decorations.

At some time during the parade, they stop in front of the cabin of the jury to present their dance, they are evaluated. It is forbidden that the two give their backs to each other at the same time, and errors such as the drop of a hat or a slip can render a loss of precious points. [54] [6] [44]

Currently, at least since the 90s, the schools of the Special Group of Rio and Sao Paulo parade usually with three or four pairs of master-room door-flag, but only the first is evaluated, the other being merely decorative, and optional. Normally, there to represent the school in some events where the main couple is unable to [55].

The term master-room seems to have been the carnival dances of the nineteenth century, in which there was a professional organization responsible for the hall that was called "master of room" or "master-room." With respect to the standard-bearer the name was a natural adaptation of the old "standard-bearer," character, usually male, who carries the heavy banners of Brazilian carnival groups [56] [6].

[edit] Battery

One of the many percussion instruments from a battery of the samba school: the subculture.

It is a kind of orchestra with percussion instruments, to accompany the singing and lead the pace of the parade. The faster and stronger pace in the battery case, the members usually fastest parade, there is an association between this question and vital question evolution. Special Group in Rio, each school has, currently, an average 250 to 300 musicians [57] [6]. In the battery question, must be evaluated "the regular maintenance and support of the cadence of the battery in accordance with the Samba-Plot Theme: the perfect combination of sounds emitted by various tools, the creativity and versatility of the Battery." [44]

Usually form part of a battery of the samba school instumentos the following: first of Deaf, deaf second-, third-deaf, box, war, peal, rattle, tambourine, cuíca, agogô, reco-reco, tambourine, and plate [58 ]. There are variations in composition, for example, the hose does not use the deaf in the second, only to the first [59], while the Empire Serrano emphasizes the agogô [60].

In the'60s, came the "Paradita" Master of the André, famous director of Youth Independent Padre Miguel, which was in fact the creator of the "musical effect," which happened during the development of the parade, at any given time, usually when was the refrain of the medium run, suddenly stop playing, leaving only the samba in cavaquinho and voice components, to return then, so surprising and exciting. The expected effect, considered beautiful by the critics, is also risky because it increases the chances that the samba "cross" (the term used to describe failures Sambistas usually serious, committed by components of the school, which back in the wrong spot of the letter samba at the expense of others who are singing "together" with the interpreter (handle) of the school. [1] [61]

In 1997 the parade was the feeling of the battery Viradouro that at different times during the parade, ran the pace of funk briefly [62].

[edit] Other elements

[edit] Director of Battery

As a whole orchestra, the batteries of the samba schools also hold its conductor, who is the director in the case of battery, also called master of battery and the auxiliary of the master in turn also called Directors [6]. In Mangueira, there is also the position of chairman of the battery, which was occupied by Ivo Meirelles.

[edit] Queen of battery and related

Are also elements that receive focus of the queen battery [63] and its derivatives: godmother, muse, and princess, figurative kinds of positions where people in the community or sometimes famous artists are chosen to parade in front of the battery of college [6] .

The figure of the queen of battery came in the 70s, when the famous mulatto Adele Fatima, came to the front of the Youth Independent Battery, a fact unprecedented, so far, but is popular in the decade following. Today is one of the most celebrated (the press) of the schools of samba. Monique Evans, in Mocidade, Luma de Oliveira, in Tradição and Soninha Capeta, in the Beija Flor, were some notable queens of battery. Some schools have introduced the figure of the King of battery [64].

Now the godmother of a battery is similar to the queen, and the two often get confused [65]. Many schools create the two jobs to pay tribute once more to people because in the 80s, the fact that many schools outside the priority artists everyday to the office of the school, rather than girls of the community, caused discussion and controversy in media [66]. In theory, the position of godmother should be offered to women of importance in the history of the school or in daily life, being a lifelong basis, which does not change every year, as the position of queen, but not always this happens [67] [ 68], and the godmother only a queen with another name.

[edit] Ala das Baianas

The "ala das baianas" is considered one of the most important for a school of samba. Composed, preferably, by ladies dressed in clothes that refer to old aunts of the first groups of Bahia samba of the early twentieth century, in Rio de Janeiro. Was introduced in the parade even in 30 years as a tribute to the "aunts" of samba, which Sambistas refuge in their homes at the time when the pace was sidelined. It is mandatory for all wing parades of samba schools, although not official in any aspect of them [69] [6]. The fantasies of Bahia count points for the question how Fantasy points for the parade to question evolution, but every school must be submitted with a minimum of Bahia. In the years 40 to 50, it was common for men to parade dressed Bahia, a practice that is now prohibited in Rio de Janeiro in the 90s, but was released by AESCRJ in the Group to access, from the year 2006, except for Group A (current group access that from the Carnival 2009 will belong to LESGA) [70].

The traditional clothing of Bahia consists of torso, coat, cloth and skirt round the coast. However, often we can see Bahia with the most unusual costumes, such as brides, statues of liberty, space beings, globe (pictured) or oil wells.

[edit] Old-guard

The old-guard (in Portuguese "Velha Guarda") is a group of Sambistas older, often already quite elderly, often founding of schools, not more positions within the hierarchy of college, but that the department is a part, and the carnival parade in positions of honor, not attire conventional fantasies of carnival, but the gala clothes, typical Sambistas such as suits in the colors of the school and Panama-style hats. [71]

In 2006, the traditional old-guard of Portela was prevented from parading during carnival, under the claim of the President of the school, the parade was late and the school could only leave the track after the maximum time allowed, which draw many points. This fact caused great impact and emotion among Sambistas [72]

[edit] Singer /Performer / puller

    See attached: List of interpreters of samba-enredo

It is responsible for the professional conduct of the samba-plot during the parade, usually aided by a group of supporting singers, which the parade or on the side of car audio. Porting microphone, usually more powerful than the support of the singers, his voice stands out on the other members of the school, making this his goal of the rate the song can be completed. [74]

The traditional term "handle" on the assumption that the samba during the parade should not be interpreted by one or few people, but sung by the entire school, the music should only be "pulled" (initiated) by the minority group. Moreover, many believe that the handle would be a special category of performer, able not only to its interpretation of a samba, but also and mainly from the school and encourage the audience.

From the 1990s, Jamelão, da Mangueira, has criticized the traditional term, seeking to replace it with a new terminology: Interpreter of samba-plot. In the words of Jamelão, who would handle "smoke pull, pull cart, pull-bag" (in Rio de janeiro's giria, "smoke marijuana, steals veicule, yes-man") which in his opinion, a derogatory term. From this, many commentators and TV stations began to replace the first by the second term, which however, still remains [75].

Another controversy that is still common for interpreters is the question whether or not anti-ethical the official interpreter at a school participate in the internal dispute of their own college. Some schools prohibit this, but release their professionals to participate in tryouts for other schools [76]

[edit] Carnavalesco

     See attached: List of carnivalescos

It is the professional responsible for design and development of the plot to be submitted by a school of samba as well as the design, development and construction of floats and costumes related to the proposed plot for this. In some cases, the carnival develop the plot from a topic proposed by the direction of the school of samba. In others, he suggests the theme of an idea from its original.

Many have a carnival or any connection with visual arts, performing arts, theater or dance. [77] [6]

Already the committee when the carnival is not only a carnavalesco is responsible for the school, but a number of different carnivalescos who together decide the paths of college. Currently, the Commission does not only Carnival Carnival, but also manages other sectors of the samba schools of [78].

[edit] Dirigentes

It is the name by which may be called the president, the president of honor and [patron]] of the school. You can also refer to this way of carnival directors. A director of carnival is a director of the samba school that sends professionals hired the guidelines of the philosophy of carnival of college, taking part in the selection of members of various sectors, even sometimes the plot, coordinating also the shed where the floats are made, the purchase of equipment, payments and the development of the entire project of the school, is not uncommon for directors of Carnival are paid professionals. Many also include the executive directors of the samba school, such as Laila, of Beija-Flor.

You can also refer to the director this way of harmony, which is originally a term used to conceptualize a director of the samba school that has the mission of the parade order and coordinate the development of schools of samba, preventing accumulation or large spaces, and above all, ensuring that the timing. Directors are responsible for harmony, therefore, the questions progress, harmony and all. [79]

[edit] Apuração

The result of the carnival competition is announced on the afternoon of Ash Wednesday in Rio, and on the afternoon of Tuesday of carnival in Sao Paulo. In both cities, there is a kind of ceremony where longlines are armed in sambódromo site. Tents are armed position where the representatives of each school, which will annotate the notes as they are being disseminated, making the calculations. The chairman of the league makes the final considerations about the carnival that year, reads the possible loss of points given to each school, and then start reading the notes.

The bleachers are open to the public, and the charge for entry, usually one kilogram of non-perishable food. Both in Rio and in São Paulo, the event, which lasts between a half and hour, is transmitted by television, which puts cameras in real time to monitor the movement of blocks within the main school, the title favorite, where members and fans that sambódromo were not to gather to watch the event from there [80] [81].

The notes currently range between 7 and 10 in Rio and Sao Paulo, and admitted the decimal fractions in the capital fluminense and fractionation in 25 hundredths in São Paulo [82]. In Rio, all the marks given by all the jurors are valid, while in São Paulo the lowest note of each item is eliminated [83].

However, this system has changed several times in both cities. In Rio and Sao Paulo, until the early 2000s, the division was more than half a point, and there have been years when there was also the elimination of major note given to each school, the very removal of the lower notes have also and has ceased to be part of the rule several times. In Rio de Janeiro, the lowest note in the same period was 5, and note the 0 (zero) allowed only in case of failure of the plot.

Often the notes given by the jurors are questioned, both by fans, as by members of schools who are harmed, causing many complaints after the show [84]. Some results have been controversial stop in court. In the case of the Academic school of samba parade in Santa Cruz that the dark carnival in 1991 because of a blackout and was not evaluated [85] [86]. However, in recent years in São Paulo has been the climate of acceptance of the outcome, when in 2007 the president of Tobias Go-Go Live congratulate the Youth Alegre, being greeted by members of the Lemon school the following year [87] .

[edit] Parade of Champions

It is a show set in the 1980s, where the best schools of samba of the Special Group parade again in sambódromo, at the end of the week following the carnival. This parade has no competitive character, it is only a kind of festival to crown the year's best schools, where the parade foliões can more carefree with questions [4].

In São Paulo the parade of champions is the night between Friday night and after the carnival on Saturday. Already the parade in Rio is the night of Saturday to the early hours of Sunday. In Rio de Janeiro, until the 1990s, participated in the parade of champions also promoted the schools of the Group to access, something that remains in São Paulo. Tradition was considered also in the participation of society Rio carnival hundred Italian Carnevale D'Italia [88]. In 1985, an event that is considered integral to the history of Nene de Vila Matilde, was when the school was invited to join the parade of champions Rio, in an era where the Carnival Paulistano was much less popular and have not had a proper space [89 ].

Not always, however, the parade of champions was a moment of pure celebration: many schools have taken the day to protest against the outcome of the championship. Fifth-placed in 2005, the Go-Go no parade that year [90]. The Viradouro already the champions parade on Saturday with members using the clown nose [91] and banners of protest [92].

[edit] See also

• Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba do Rio de Janeiro
• Liga Independente das Escolas de Samba de São Paulo
• Bateria

[edit] External links

• Rio de Janeiro Samba Schools League (Portuguese)
• São Paulo Samba Schools League (Portuguese)
• Samba Groups outside Brazil
• Wikihost.org Sambistas
• Escola de Samba documentary by Paul S. Goodman
• Brazilian Carnival and Samba Schools

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