Peace of Vervins
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The Peace of Vervins[1] was signed between the representatives of Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain, on 2 May 1598, at the small town of Vervins in Picardy, northern France close to the territory of the Hapsburg Netherlands. The terms were worked out under the auspices of the papal legate of Clement VIII, Alessandro de' Medici, the "architect of the treaty", according to Bernard Barbiche.[2]
Henry had declared war on Spain in 1595, and had recently promulgated the Edict of Nantes, on 13 April. The Edict and this treaty brought to an effective end the Wars of Religion in France, which had spread to a conflict European-wide. By its terms Philip recognized the formerly Protestant Henry as King of France and withdrew his forces from the French territory they still occupied, depriving the remnants of the Catholic League of their support. Philip died on 13 September, but his heir Philip III respected the terms of the treaty. Carlo Emanuele, duke of Savoy, who had held back from the treaty, found himself successfully attacked by Henry IV in 1599 and signed a separate Treaty of Lyon with Henry in 1601.
The parties to the treaty were hosted by Guillemette de Coucy, co-seigneur of Vervins, in her Châteauneuf de Vervins,[3] in a region, the Thiérache,[4] that had suffered much in the recent fighting, as its numerous 16th-century fortified churches bear witness today.
In retrospect, historians see this as the final defeat of Philip II, who had furthered dynastic causes through championing ultra-Catholic principles, and a climacteric that began the long downfall of Hapsburg Spain and the gradual rise in European hegemony of France during the ensuing Grand Siècle.[5]
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[edit] Notes
- ^ Arthur Erwin Imhof, Der Friede von Vervins 1598, 1966; Claudine Vidal and Frédérique Pilleboue, eds., La paix de Vervins 1598 (Amiens) 1998, containing an annotated edition of the treaty by Bernard Haan.
- ^ In Vidal and Pilleboue 1998. Alessandro was briefly Pope Leo XI in April 1605.
- ^ The château still exists, and may be visited by the public.
- ^ Today part of the departement of Aisne.
- ^ Noted by Michael Wolfe, reviewing Vidal and Pilleboue 1998 in The Sixteenth-Century Journal 30.3 (Autumn 1999), pp. 839-840.
