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Pashto grammar

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Pashto is a S-O-V language with split ergativity. Adjectives come before nouns. Nouns and adjectives are inflected for gender (masc./fem.), number (sing./plur.), and case (direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative). The verb system is very intricate with the following tenses: present; subjunctive; simple past; past progressive; present perfect; and past perfect. In any of the past tenses (simple past, past progressive, present perfect, past perfect), Pashto is an ergative language; i.e., transitive verbs in any of the past tenses agree with the object of the sentence. The dialects show many non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms that are discarded by the literary language.

Contents

[edit] Pronouns

[edit] Personal pronouns

Singular Plural
1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.) 1st 2nd 3rd (visible) 3rd (invis.)
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
(English) I you (sing.) he she he (invis.) she (invis.) we you (plur.) they they (invis.)
Direct zə tə dai dā haγa muγ̌ tāse duy haγuy
Oblique mā tā də de haγə haγe

[edit] Demonstrative pronouns

daγa (this) and haγa (that)

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
Direct daγa (or da) haγa (or hā)
Oblique daγə (or de) daγe (or de) daγo (or de) haγə haγe haγo

[edit] Possessive pronouns

Independent forms

Person Singular Plural
1st zmā zmuγ̌
2nd stā stāse
3rd (visible) də də (masc.)

də de (fem.)

 də duy
3rd (invis.) də haγə (masc.)

də haγe (fem.)

 də haγuy

Enclitic forms

Person Singular Plural
1st -me -mo
2nd -de -mo
3rd -ye -ye

[edit] Nouns

[edit] Case

Unlike Persian, which has lost almost all forms of declensions, Pashto still inflects nouns into four grammatical cases: direct, oblique I, oblique II and vocative. The oblique I case is used as prepositional case as well as in the past tense as the subject of transitive verbs, and the oblique II case is used as ablative case.

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun γar (mountain):

Singular Plural
Direct γar γruna
Oblique I γrə γruno
Oblique II γara γruno
Vocative γra γruno

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun žwandun (life):

Singular Plural
Direct žwandun žwandununa
Oblique I žwandānə žwandānāno
Oblique II žwanduna žwandānāno
Vocative žwanduna žwandānāno

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun wror (brother):

Singular Plural
Direct wror wrunna
Oblique I wror wrunno
Oblique II wrora wrunno
Vocative wrora wrunno

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun kor (house):

Singular Plural
Direct kor koruna
Oblique I kor koruno
Oblique II kora koruno
Vocative kora koruno

The following table shows the declension of the masculine noun atal (hero):

Singular Plural
Direct atal atəl(ān)
Oblique I atəl atəlo
Oblique II atəla atəlo
Vocative atəla atəlo

The following table shows the declension of sarrai (man), a masculine noun with ending "ai":

Singular Plural
Direct sarrai sarri
Oblique I sarri sarro
Oblique II sarriya sarro
Vocative sarriya sarro

The following table shows the declension of x̌əja (woman), a feminine noun with ending "a":

Singular Plural
Direct x̌əja x̌əje
Oblique I x̌əje x̌əjo
Oblique II x̌əje x̌əjo
Vocative x̌əje x̌əjo

The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun marrəi (food) with ending "əi":

Singular Plural
Direct marrəi marrəi
Oblique I marrəi marro
Oblique II marrəi marro
Vocative marrəi marro

The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun wrəj (day):

Singular Plural
Direct wrəj wrəje
Oblique I wrəj wrəjo
Oblique II wrəja wrəjo
Vocative wrəje wrəjo

The following table shows the declension of the feminine noun mor (mother):

Singular Plural
Direct mor maynde
Oblique I mor mayndo
Oblique II mora mayndo
Vocative more mayndo

[edit] Gender

There are two genders: masculine and feminine.

[edit] Number

There are two numbers: singular and plural.

[edit] Definiteness

There is no definiteness, but the demonstratives da/de (this, these) and hā/haγə/haγe/haγo (that, those), and the cardinal number yaw/ywə/ywa (one masc.) and ywa/ywe (one fem.) are used when it is necessary to indicate definiteness.

[edit] Adjectives

The adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in gender, number, and case.

Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Direct - -a -ə -e
Oblique I -ə -e -o -o
Oblique II -a -e -о -o
Vocative

[edit] Numbers

Cardinal Numbers (direct case, masc.)

  • 0 sifər / hic
  • 1 yaw
  • 2 dwa
  • 3 dre
  • 4 calor
  • 5 pinjə
  • 6 špaγ̌
  • 7 huwə
  • 8 ātə
  • 9 nəh
  • 10 las

Ordinal Numbers (direct case, masc., sing.)

  • 1st lumrrai
  • 2nd doham
  • 3rd dreyam
  • 4th caloram
  • 5th pinjam
  • 6th špaγ̌am
  • 7th huwam
  • 8th ātam
  • 9th nəham
  • 10th lasam

[edit] Verbs

Present tense of "to be":

Person Singular Plural
1st zə yəm muγ̌ yu
2nd tə ye tāse yāst/yəi
3rd dai dae

dā da

 duy di

Past tense of "to be":

Person Singular Plural
1st zə wəm muγ̌ wu
2nd tə we tāse wəi
3rd (masc.) dai wə duy wi
3rd (fam.) dā wa duy we

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_grammar"
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