Pangasinan language

Pangasinan
Spoken in	Philippines
Region	Ilocos Region and Central Luzon
Total speakers	1.5 million
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Luzon South-Central Cordilleran Southern Cordilleran Pangasinic Pangasinan; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Latin (Pangasinan or Filipino variant);; Historically written in Baybayin
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Commission on the Filipino Language
Language codes
ISO 639-1	None
ISO 639-2	pag
ISO 639-3	pag
	Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

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The Pangasinan language (Pangasinan: Salitan Pangasinan; Spanish: Idioma pangasinense) is one of the twelve major languages in the Philippines.

The language is spoken by more than one and a half million Pangasinan people (indigenous speakers) in the province of Pangasinan alone. Pangasinan is also spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States. Pangasinan is the primary language in the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is the official regional language in the province of Pangasinan, with a total population of the province of 2,434,086 (National Statistics Office: 2000 Census).

[edit] Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. ^[1] ^[2] Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. ^[3] The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. The Pangasinan language is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

Pangasinan
Ibaloi
Karao
I-wak
Kalanguya
Keley-I
Kallahan
Kayapa
Tinoc

The Pangasinic languages are spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

[edit] Distribution

Pangasinan is the primary language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinan. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 1.5 million speak Pangasinan. Speakers of the language are concentrated mostly in central Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, and Benguet, and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States.

[edit] History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of the Pangasinan language are descended from these prehistoric settlers, who were probably part of the prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Africa about 100 to 200 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in the Pangasinan language. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

[edit] Grammar

[edit] Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan language has a Verb–Subject–Object word order.

[edit] Pronouns

[edit] Personal

	Absolutive Independent	Absolutive Enclitic	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
1st person dual	sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
2nd person singular	siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
3rd person singular	sikató	- , -a	to	ed sikato
1st person plural inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
1st person plural exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person plural	sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person plural	sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

[edit] Affixes

a:-UM-

MAKAN-, AKAN-

PINAGKA-

INKA-

KA

KA-AN

-AN

SAN-

SANKA-

SANKA-AN

MA-

MAY-

MAY-EN

MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-

-IN-

KI-AN

INKI-

KI-

NA-AN, A-AN

NI-AN

EN-

-IN-

I-

I-AN

IN-

INY-

IN-AN

[edit] Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog , Ilokano and Pangasinan.

English	Tagalog	Ilokano	Pangasinan
one	isa	maysa	sakey, isa
two	dalawa	dua	duara, dua
three	tatlo	tallo	talora, talo
four	apat	uppat	apatira, apat
five	lima	lima	limara, lima
six	anim	innem	anemira, anem
seven	pito	pito	pitora, pito
eight	walo	walo	walora, walo
nine	siyam	siam	siamira, siam
ten	sampu	sangapulo	samplora, samplo

Cardinal Numbers:

Pangasinan	English
isa, sakey, san-	one
dua, dua'ra (dua ira)	two
talo -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira)	three
apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira)	four
lima, lima'ra (lima ira)	five
anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira)	six
pito, pito'ra (pito ira)	seven
walo, walo'ra (walo ira)	eight
siam, siamira (siam ira)	nine
polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (sa'n polo ira)	tens, ten
lasus, sanlasus (sa'n lasus)	hundreds, one hundred
libo, sakey libo	thousands, one thousand
laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa	ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal Numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.

Associative Numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.

[edit] Phonology

Traditional Pangasinan has fifteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, and u. This is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from [ɾ]-[d] allophone. Modern Pangasinan has incorporated from English and Spanish the following seven consonants: c, f, j, q, v, x, and z.

[edit] Alphabet

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan letter NG:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J	K	L	M	N	NG	O	P	Q	R	S	T	U	V	W	X	Y	Z
Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j	k	l	m	n	ng	o	p	q	r	s	t	u	v	w	x	y	z

[edit] Swadesh list in English and Pangasinan

English - Pangasinan

I - siak, ak
you (singular) - sika, ka
he - sikato (he/she), to
we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
they - sikara, ra
this - aya
that - aman, atan
here - dia
there - diman, ditan
who - siopa, opa, si
what - anto, a
where - iner
when - kapigan, pigan
how - pano, panon
not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
all - amin
many - amayamay, dakel
some - pigara (piga ira)
few - daiset
other - arom
one - isa, sakey
two - dua, duara
three - talo, talora (talo ira)
four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
five - lima, limara (lima ira)
big - baleg
long - andokey
wide - maawang, malapar
thick - makapal
heavy - ambelat
small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
narrow - mainget
thin - mabeng, maimpis
woman - bii
man (adult male) - laki, bolog
man (human being) - too
child - ogaw, anak, ilalak (offspring)
wife - asawa, kaamong, akolaw
husband - asawa, kaamong, masiken
mother - ina
father - ama
animal - ayep
fish - sira
bird - manuk, siwsiw (chick)
dog - asu
louse - kotu
snake - oleg
worm - biges, alumbayar
tree - kiew, tanem
forest - kakiewan, katakelan
stick - bislak, bolawit
fruit - bonga
seed - bokel
leaf - bolong
root - lamut
bark - obak
flower - bolaklak
grass - dika
rope - singer, lubir
skin - baog, katat
meat - laman
blood - dala
bone - pokel
fat (n.) - mataba, taba
egg - iknol
horn - saklor
tail - ikol
feather - bagu
hair - buek
head - olu
ear - layag
eye - mata
nose - eleng
mouth - sangi
tooth - ngipen
tongue - dila
fingernail - kuku
foot - sali
leg - bikking, bitking
knee - pueg
hand - lima
wing - payak
belly - eges
guts - pait
neck - beklew
back - beneg
breast - pagew, suso
heart - puso
liver - altey
drink - inom
eat - mangan, akan, kamot
bite - ketket
suck - supsup, suso
spit - lutda, lupda
vomit - uta
blow - sibuk
breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa
laugh - elek
see - nengneng
hear - dengel
know - amta, kabat
think - isip, nonot
smell - angob, amoy
fear - takot, takut
sleep - ogip
live - bilay
die - onpatey, patey
kill - manpatey, patey
fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
hunt - managnop, anop, manpana, pana, manpaltog, paltog
hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
cut - tegteg, sugat
split - pisag, puter
stab - saksak, doyok
scratch - gugo, gorgor
dig - kotkot
swim - langoy
fly (v.) - tekyab
walk - akar
come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
lie - dokol (lie down)
sit - yorong
stand - alagey
turn - liko, telek
fall - pelag
give - iter, itdan
hold - benben
squeeze - pespes
rub - kuskos, gorgor
wash - oras
wipe - punas
pull - goyor
push - tolak
throw - topak
tie - singer
sew - dait
count - bilang
say - ibaga
sing - togtog
play - galaw
float - letaw
flow - agos
freeze - kigtel
swell - larag
sun - agew, banua, ugto (noon)
moon - bulan
star - bitewen
water - danum
rain - uran
river - ilog, kalayan
lake - ilog, look
sea - dayat
salt - asin
stone - bato
sand - buer
dust - dabuk
earth - dalin
cloud - lurem
fog - kelpa
sky - tawen
wind - dagem
snow - linew
ice - pakigtel
smoke - asiwek, asewek
fire - apuy, pool, dalang, sinit
ashes - dapol
burn - pool
road - dalan, basbas
mountain - palandey
red - ambalanga
green - ampasiseng, pasiseng, maeta, eta
yellow - duyaw
white - amputi, puti
black - andeket, deket
night - labi
day - agew
year - taon
warm - ampetang, petang
cold - ambetel, betel
full - naksel, napno
new - balo
old - daan
good - duga, maong, abig
bad - aliwa, mauges
rotten - abolok, bolok
dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
straight - maptek, petek
round - malimpek, limpek
sharp - matdem, tarem
dull - mangmang, epel
smooth - patad
wet - ambasa, basa
dry - amaga, maga
correct - duga, tua
near - asinger, abay
far - arawi, biek (other side)
right - kawanan
left - kawigi
at - ed
in - ed
with - iba
and - tan
if - no
because - ta, lapu ed
name - ngaran
none - anggapo
there is - wa, wala
what - anto
which - dinan
wherever - iner man

[edit] Orthography

[edit] Pangasinan Literature

The Pangasinan language was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinan written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejia, and Maria C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolucion Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. Juan Villamil translated Jose Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. Mejia also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Jose Rizal. Maria C. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinans are multilingual and proficient in English; Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines; and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan language. Some Pangasinans are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

[edit] Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Right away I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When I see you

Napunas lan amin
All wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Till life is gone

[edit] Our Father in Pangasinan

Ama mi a wala kad tawen Nagalang so ngaran Mo Onsabid sikami so panarian Mo Onorey linawam diad dalin onung ed tawen. Say kanen min inagew-agew Iter mod sikami ed agew aya Tan paandian Mo ray kasalanan mi Onung na panamaandi miy kasalanan day akapankasalanan ed sikami Tan ag Mo kami iter ya onabuloy ed tukso Ilaban Mo kami ingen ed mauges. Amen.

[edit] List of foreign words

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu (spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

[edit] Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

[edit] References

^ Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pag.
^ Fox, James J. (August 19-20, 2004). "Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies" (PDF). http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/foxxj_rspas/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf.
^ Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2003-2008). "The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.". http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

[0] Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005.. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pag.

[1] Fox, James J. (August 19-20, 2004). "Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies" (PDF). http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/foxxj_rspas/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf.

[2] Greenhill, S. J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2003-2008). "The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database.". http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian.

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