Gnathostomata

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Gnathostomata Fossil range: 462–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Late Ordovician - Recent
Gnathostomata are jawed vertebrates
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Subgroups
Placodermi † Chondrichthyes Acanthodii † Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii

Gnathostomata (pronounced /ˌneɪθɵstoʊˈmɑːtə/) is the group of vertebrates with jaws. The term derives from Greek γνάθος (gnathos) "jaw" + στόμα (stoma) "mouth".

The group is traditionally a superclass, broken into two top level groupings; cartilaginous fish, and all other members, including the familiar classes of bony fish, birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Some classification systems have used the term Amphirhina. It is a sister group of the jawless vertebrates Agnatha.

Recent genetic studies are causing a reassessment of Gnathostomata as a grouping.

New fossil finds suggests thelodonts as the closest relatives of the Gnathostomata.^[1]

It is believed that the jaws evolved from anterior gill support arches that had acquired a new role, being modified to pump water over the gills by opening and closing the mouth more effectively — the buccal pump mechanism. The mouth could then grow bigger and wider, making it possible to capture larger prey. This close and open mechanism would with time become stronger and tougher, being transformed into real jaws.

Placoderms used sharp bony plates as teeth instead, and newer research indicates the jaws in placoderms evolved independently of the rest of the remaining gnathostomates.^[2]

Other distinguishing characteristics of living gnathostomates are the myelin sheathes of neurons. Another is an adaptive immune system that uses V(D)J recombination to create antigen recognition sites, rather than using genetic recombination in the Variable lymphocyte receptor gene.^[3]

The Gnathostomata first appeared in the Ordovician period and became common in the Devonian period.

[edit] Taxonomy and phylogeny

Subphylum Vertebrata
├─(unranked) Gnathostomatomorpha
└─Infraphylum Gnathostomata
      ├─Class Placodermi — extinct (armored gnathostomes)
      └Microphylum Eugnathostomata (true jawed vertebrates)
         ├─Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
         └─(unranked) Teleostomi (Acanthodii & Osteichthyes)
             ├─Class Acanthodii — extinct ("spiny sharks")
             └Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish)
                ├─Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
                └─Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
                     └Superclass Tetrapoda
                         ├─Class Amphibia (amphibians)
                         └(unranked) Amniota (amniotic egg)
                             ├─Class Sauropsida (reptiles or sauropsids)
                             │  └─Class Aves (birds)
                             └─Class Synapsida
                                 └─Class Mammalia (mammals)
 
Note: lines show evolutionary relationships.

[edit] References

1. ^ Mark V. H. Wilson & Michael W. Caldwell (1993-02-04). "New Silurian and Devonian fork-tailed 'thelodonts' are jawless vertebrates with stomachs and deep bodies". nature. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v361/n6411/abs/361442a0.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-22. 
2. ^ Susan Turner and Randall F. Miller (June 2005). "New Ideas About Old Sharks". American Scientist. doi:10.1511/2005.3.244. http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/42395/page/2;jsessionid=baa9.... Retrieved on 2007-08-22. 
3. ^ Cooper MD, Alder MN (February 2006). "The evolution of adaptive immune systems". Cell 124 (4): 815–22. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.001. PMID 16497590. 

[edit] External links

• Tree of Life discussion of Gnathostomata
• The Gill Arches: Meckel's Cartilage