Gender of connectors and fasteners

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)

A male threaded pipe, left, and female threaded elbow.

In electrical and mechanical trades and manufacturing, each of a pair of mating connectors or fasteners is conventionally assigned the designation male or female. The assignment is by direct analogy with genitalia and sexual intercourse; the part bearing one or more protrusions, or which fits inside the other, being designated male and the part containing the corresponding indentations or fitting outside the other being female.

[edit] Definitions

A female VGA connector, or jack.

A male VGA connector, or plug. Note that the pins are functional, while the surrounding shield is only a guard.

The terms "slot", "socket", "receptacle" and "outlet" are often used for "female" connectors, and "plug", "prong" and "pin" for "male" connectors. In many cases these terms are more common than male and female, especially in documentation intended for the non-specialist. It also causes a fair amount of confusion when those names are shortened in labels. For example, the male component of an HD15 connector can be named either HD15M or HD15P (HD15F or HD15S for female versions), both of which mean the same thing but could be confused for different items when there is no accompanying picture. Further confusion can be caused by the term jack, which is used for both female and male connectors.

IEEE STD 100 and ANSI Y32.16 (identical to IEEE-200-1975) define "plug" and "jack" by location or motion, rather than gender^[1]. A connector in a fixed location is a jack, and a moveable connector is a plug. The distinction is relative, so a portable radio is considered stationary compared to the cable from the headphones; the radio has a jack, and the headphone cable has a plug. It is common practice to use female connectors for jacks, so the informal gender-based usage often agrees with the functional description of the technical standards. This is not always the case, so it is best to use "male" and "female" for gender, and "plug" and "jack" for function.

[edit] Safety

Power outlets are female for safety.

In electrical connections where voltage is sufficient to cause injury, the part connected to the power source is invariably female, to prevent inadvertent contact. A male plug is on the cord of (or on) the device drawing the power.

In low-voltage use, such as for data communications, this is less important, and male or female connectors are used based on other engineering factors such as convenience of use or ease of manufacturing. For example, the common "patch cables" used for Ethernet hookups (and the similar cords used for telephones) typically have plugs on both ends, to connect to jacks on equipment or mounted in walls. A device called a gender changer may be used to join two connectors of the same gender, for example, to extend one video cable with another.

The gender of a connector is determined by the structure of its primary functional components — i.e., the conductors of an electrical connector, or the load-bearing parts of a fastener — and not by secondary features such as covers, shields or handles that may be installed for environmental protection, safe operation, etc.

[edit] Genderless connectors

Hermaphroditic or genderless hose connectors.

Certain connector designs (such as the SAE connector, and jackhammer air hose connectors) involve paired identical parts each containing both protrusions and indentations. The term hermaphrodite (or hermaphroditic) is used for such devices, along with genderless, combination (and combo), two-in-one, two-way, and others.

Some audio multicore cables are fitted with hermaphroditic multipin quick-disconnect connectors for ease of use in the field. One style of this audio signal cable is fitted on both ends with connectors that are each populated half with pins and half with sockets.^[2] The advantage to the user is that it doesn't matter which end connects to the stage and which to the audio mixer, facilitating faster set up times.^[3] Another style of connector uses hybrid male/female pins with a receiving slot fitted in the center of each two-tine pin, and relies on 90-degree rotation of the pin axes to mate. The connector housings themselves are sexed male and female.^[4]

[edit] Signal or power taps

Some connectors have both male and female connectors on opposite sides, designed to be placed between a male and female to intercept a signal or to take power. These may also be referred to as hermaphrodite connectors, or alternately vampire or parasite plugs. These were once used for PC accessories, placed between the output of an AT power supply and a monitor so these accessories would be disconnected from power when the computer was switched off, but are now impractical with the dominance of ATX supplies which lack a mains output socket.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Examples

Male coaxial Type N connector.

• A power cord on an appliance terminates in a (male) plug; it connects to a (female) socket in a wall or on an extension cord.
• Co-axial cables used for video or other high-frequency signals are normally terminated, at both ends, in a connector comprising an inner pin and an outer fixed or rotating shell; these are conventionally reckoned as male.
• A nut is female and a bolt is male.
• Connectors for air brake hoses on heavy trucks and railroad equipment use genderless "gladhand" connectors. In railroad use, this makes the orientation of rolling stock irrelevant, and is used with the standard North American railroad coupler that connects cars together, also genderless.
• Piping and plumbing fittings

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Screw thread
• Mating connection
• Electrical connector