Collaborationism

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Collaborationism describes the treason of cooperating with enemy forces occupying one's country. As such it implies criminal deeds in the service of the occupying power, including complicity with the occupying power in murder, persecutions, pillage, and economic exploitation as well as participation in a puppet government.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History of criminal collaboration 3 Among Palestinians 4 Alleged collaborators 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 6.2 Notes

[edit] Etymology

The term collaborate dates from 1871, and is a back-formation from collaborator (1802), from the French collaborateur as used during the Napoleonic Wars against smugglers trading with England and assisting escape of monarchists, and is itself derived from the Latin collaboratus, pp. of collaborare "work with", from com- "with" + labore "to work." Collaboration as "traitorous cooperation with the enemy"^[1] dates from 1940, originally in reference to the Vichy Government of France and those who cooperated with or helped the Nazi Germany following the Battle of France defeat.^[2]

[edit] History of criminal collaboration

This section requires expansion.

In France, a distinction emerged between the "collaborateur" and "collaborationists." The latter expression is mainly used to describe individuals enrolled in pseudo-Nazi parties, often based in Paris, who had an overwhelming belief in fascist ideology. "Collaborateur," on the other hand, could engage in collaboration for a number of more pragmatic reasons, such as preventing infrastructure damage for use by the occupation forces or personal ambition, and were not necessarily believers in fascism per se. Arch-collaborators like Pierre Laval or René Bousquet are thus distinct from collaborationists.^{[citation needed]}

Recent research by the British historian, Simon Kitson, has shown that France did not wait until the Liberation to begin pursuing collaborationists. The Vichy government, itself heavily engaged in collaboration, arrested around 2000 individuals on charges of passing information to the Germans. Their reasons for doing so was to centralise collaboration to ensure that the state maintained a monopoly in Franco-German relations and to defend sovereignty so that France may negotiate from a position of strength. As Kitson has shown, the government engaged in many compromises along the way.^[3]

The term in this negative meaning is also used for German individuals and institutions cooperating with the Nazi regime, though in their case it was not a foreign occupation, and later to people cooperating with or helping other dictatorial regimes in their own countries, even when foreign occupation was not involved.

[edit] Among Palestinians

In Palestinian society, collaboration with Israel is viewed as a serious offence and social stain.^[4] Suspects are often summarily killed:^[5] in the few years preceding 2009, hundreds of suspected collaborators have been killed by fellow Palestinians.^[6] In addition, during the period of 2007-2009, around 30 Palestinians have been sentenced to death in court on collaboration-related charges, although the sentences have not been carried out.^[4]

In June 2009, Raed Sualha, a 15-year-old Palestinian boy, was brutally tortured and hanged by his family because they suspected him of collaborating with Israel. Palestinian authorities launched an investigation into the case and arrested the perpetrators.^[7][6] Police said it was unlikely that such a young boy would have been recruited as an informer.^[5]

[edit] Alleged collaborators

[edit] See also

Anti-fascism Collaboration during World War II       Dhimmi (pejorative sense) Hanjian Hilfspolizei Medism

Puppet government Pursuit of Nazi collaborators Quisling Resistance during World War II Treason Palestinian territories and Israeli occupied territories of Palestine[8]

[edit] References

[edit] Bibliography

Sources

• Paul Webster, Petain's Crime: The Complete Story of French Collaboration in the Holocaust, Ivan R. Dee, 1999 ISBN 1566632498
• The Oxford English Dictionary, vol.3, Oxford University Press.
• Henry L. Wilson, When Collaboration becomes Plagiarism: The Administrative perspective, in Lise Buranen, Andrea A. Lunsford, Alice Myers Roy, Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern World, SUNY Press, 1999 ISBN 0791440796
• Sweets, John F (1997), Review:La France a l'heure Allemande, 1940-1944. The Journal of Modern History, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 611-613, University of Chicago press.

Further reading

• David Littlejohn, 1972. The Patriotic Traitors: A History of Collaboration in German-Occupied Europe, 1940-45, William Heinemann Ltd., London), ISBN 043442725X
• Simon Kitson, The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting espionage in Vichy France, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2008. (translation from French, Vichy et la chasse aux espions nazis, Paris, Autrement, 2005.)

[edit] Notes

More or better citations are needed. (January 2009)